Biography of Sonni Ali, Songhai Monarch

Sonni Ali (birth date unknown; died 1492) was a  West African monarch who ruled Songhai from 1464 to 1492, expanding a small kingdom along the Niger River into one of medieval Africas greatest empires. Two divergent historical accounts of his life persist: the Muslim scholarly tradition that paints him as an infidel and tyrant and the oral Songhai tradition that remembers him as a great warrior and magician. Fast Facts: Sonni Ali Known For:  West African monarch of Songhai; expanded his empire, superseding the Mali empireAlso Known As:  Sunni Ali and Sonni Ali Ber (The Great)Born:  UnknownParents: Madogo (father); mothers name unknownDied:  1492Education: Traditional African arts education among the Faru of SokotoChildren: Sunni Baru Two Divergent Versions of Sonni Alis Life There are two main sources of information about Sonni Ali. One is in the Islamic chronicles of the period and the other is through Songhai oral tradition. These sources reflect two very different interpretations of Sonni Alis role in the development of the Songhai Empire. Early Life Little is known about Sonni Alis early life. He was schooled in the traditional African arts of the region and was well versed in the forms and techniques of warfare when he came to power in 1464 in the small kingdom of Songhai, which was centered around its capital city of Gao on the Niger River. He was the 15th consecutive ruler of the Sonni dynasty, which had begun in 1335. One of Alis ancestors, Sonni Sulaiman Mar, is said to have wrested Songhai away from the Mali Empire toward the end of the 14th century. Songhai Empire Takes Over Although Songhai had once paid tribute to the rulers of Mali, the Mali Empire was now crumbling and the time was right for Sonni Ali to lead his kingdom through a series of conquests at the old empires expense. By 1468, Sonni Ali had repulsed attacks by the Mossi to the south  and defeated the Dogon in the hills of Bandiagara. His first major conquest occurred in the following year when the Muslim leaders of Timbuktu, one of the great cities of the Mali Empire, asked for help against the Tuareg, the nomadic desert Berbers who had occupied the city since 1433. Sonni Ali took the opportunity not only to strike decisively against the Tuareg  but also against the city itself. Timbuktu became part of the fledgling Songhai Empire in 1469. Oral Tradition Sonni Ali is remembered in Songhai oral tradition as a magician of great power. Rather than following the Mali Empire system of Islamic city rule over a non-Islamic rural people, Sonni Ali mixed an unorthodox observance of Islam with traditional African religion. He remained attached to the traditional rites of his mothers birthplace, Sokoto. He was a man of the people rather than the elite ruling class of Muslim clerics and scholars. According to the oral tradition, he is regarded as a great military commander who carried out a strategic campaign of conquest along the Niger River. He is said to have retaliated against the Muslim leadership within Timbuktu after they failed to provide promised transport for his troops to cross the river. Islamic Chronicles The Islamic chroniclers have a different viewpoint. They portray Sonni Ali as a capricious and cruel leader. In the 16th century chronicle of Abd ar Rahmen as-Sadi, a historian based in Timbuktu, Sonni Ali is described as an impious and unscrupulous tyrant. Sonni Ali is recorded as having massacred hundreds while plundering the city of Timbuktu. This routing included killing or driving out the Tuareg and Sanhaja clerics who had acted as civil servants, teachers, and as preachers at the Sankore mosque. In later years, according to this historian, he is said to have turned on court favorites, ordering executions during temper tantrums. More Conquest Regardless of the precise interpretation of history, it is certain that Sonni Ali learned his military lessons well. Never again was he left at the mercy of someone elses fleet. He built up a river-based navy of more than 400 boats and used them to good effect in his next conquest, the trading city of Jenne (now Djennà ©). The city was placed under siege, with the fleet blockading the port. Although it took seven years for the siege to work, the city fell to Sonni Ali in 1473. The Songhai Empire now incorporated three of the greatest trading cities on the Niger: Gao, Timbuktu, and Jenne. All three had once been part of the Mali Empire. Trade Rivers formed the major trading routes within West Africa at that time.  The Songhai Empire now had effective control over the lucrative Niger River trade of gold, kola, grain, and slaves.  The cities were also part of the important trans-Saharan trade route system which brought south caravans of salt and copper, as well as goods from the Mediterranean coast. By 1476, Sonni Ali controlled the inland delta region of the Niger to the west of Timbuktu and the lakes region to the south. Regular patrols by his navy kept the trade routes open and tribute-paying kingdoms peaceful. This is an extremely fertile region of West Africa, and it became a major producer of grain under his rule. Slavery A 17th-century chronicle tells the tale of Sonni Alis slave-based farms. When he died, 12 tribes of slaves were bequeathed to his son, at least three of which had been obtained when Sonni Ali initially conquered parts of the old Mali empire. Under the Mali Empire, slaves were individually required to cultivate a measure of land and provide grain for the king. Sonni Ali changed this system and grouped the slaves into villages, each required to fulfill a common quota, with any surplus to be used by the village. Under Sonni Alis rule children born in such villages automatically became slaves. They were expected to work for the village or to be transported to the trans-Saharan markets. Sonni Ali the Warrior and Ruler Sonni Ali was brought up as part of an exclusive ruling class, a warrior horseman. The region was the best for breeding horses in Africa south of the Sahara. As such he commanded an elite cavalry, with which he was able to pacify the nomadic Tuareg to the north. With cavalry and  navy, he repulsed several attacks by the Mossi to the south, including one major attack which reached all the way to the Walata region northwest of Timbuktu. He also defeated the Fulani of the Dendi region, which was then assimilated into the Empire. Under Sonni Ali, the Songhai Empire was divided up into territories, which he placed under the rule of trusted lieutenants from his army. Traditional African cults and the observance of Islam were combined, much to the annoyance of Muslim clerics in the cities. Plots were hatched against his rule. On at least one occasion, a group of clerics and scholars at an important Muslim center were executed for treason. Death Sonni Ali died in 1492 as he returned from a punitive expedition against the Fulani.  Oral tradition claims he was poisoned by Muhammad Ture, one of his commanders. Legacy A year after Alis death, Muhammad Ture staged a coup detat against Sonni Alis son Sonni Baru and founded a new dynasty of Songhai rulers. Askiya Muhammad Ture and his descendants were strict Muslims, who reinstated orthodox observance of Islam and outlawed traditional African religions. As with his life, his legacy has two very different interpretations in the oral and Muslim traditions. In the centuries which followed his death, Muslim historians recorded Sonni Ali as The Celebrated Infidel or The Great Oppressor. Songhai oral tradition records that he was the righteous ruler of a mighty empire that encompassed more than 2,000 miles (3,200 kilometers) along the Niger River. Sources Dobler, Lavinia G, and William Allen Brown. Great Rulers of the African Past. Doubleday, 1965 Gomez, Michael A.,  African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton University Press, 2018Tesfu, Julianna. â€Å"Songhai Empire (Ca. 1375-1591) †¢ BlackPast.†Ã‚  BlackPast.â€Å"The Story of Africa| BBC World Service.†Ã‚  BBC News, BBC.

Nasw. “The Primary Mission Of The Social Work Profession

NASW â€Å"The primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human well being and help meet the basic human needs of all people with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed and living in poverty.† (1) â€Å"The unique contribution of the social work practice is the duality of the professions person and environment mandate: social workers must help society work better for the people and help people function better within society.† (Segal, Gerdes, and Steiner, 2016, p. 3). The Code of Ethics â€Å"offers a set of values, principles and standards to guide decision making and conduct when ethical issue arise†¦specific applications of the Code must take into account the context in which it is†¦show more content†¦(4) Termination of services should occur when â€Å"services are no longer needed or when the services are no longer serving the clients needs.† (7) Professionals should also strive to be culturally competent and continuously educate themselves to aim to â€Å"understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, and mental or physical disability,† and should use respectful language while communicating to or about clients. 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Health Beliefs for Health Services Research- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth Beliefs for Health Services Research. Answer: Stereotyping of the Native people: Stereotyping of the native people is not a very recent trend among the non-native people. It tends back to centuries ago when the land of Australia was colonized by Europeans (Reed et al. 2017). In order to describe the mentality as well as the mindset of the person asking the question, it is important to travel back to time in order to discuss the era from where the trend of stereotyping natives were first noted. Important determinants of native health inequality mainly comprises of lack of proper access to primary health care. Moreover lower standard of health infrastructure like improper and unhealthy housing, lack of quality and nutritious food, sanitation had all affected their health for a large number of years. Moreover they are not provided with scope for education and hence their financial condition could never be improved. All these determinants of health need to be discussed in order to understand the poor health conditions of the native Australians. Before the colonization of the Australians by the Europeans, about 500 peaceful natives resided in Australia with about 75000 people (Rix et al. 2015). Their culture was also about 60000 years and such an enriched culture was their pride which had made them the traditional custodians of the lands of the nation (Durey et al. 2016). Their culture had made them believe that every physical and mental health disorders can be attended by the culmination of effective comprehensive outlook for different spiritual and holistic interventions of lives (Kelaher et al. 2014). They shared a strong bond with their motherland. However, their happiness was short lived as James Cook, a European, initiated colonization of the area by the British army help as he found it to be a good place for the accommodation of their overcrowded prisons. From this era, they started exploitation of the peace loving native people as they were not being able to cope up with the shrewd mentality and planning of the Briti sh. Killing of native people to capture their lands, spreading of dangerous diseases in the land, stealing their livelihood resources, destruction the natural resources, emotional and physical violence and many others conflicts continued for large number of years (Treloar et al. 2016). They have made the population drunkards even went to the extent of poisoning their food only to clear they form the land (Durey et al. 2016). The native people were given a little scope to develop their intellectual ability to stand up and fight back (Kelaher et al. 2014). Hence, the individual who asked the question should first ask Were the native Australians given the scope to be educated about their health? Was they made a part of the health medicine advancement? Lack of Scope for Native People: Native people were never given a scope to live respectfully and demand their rights on the land. As the British people were more planned in their procedures, they made every situation adverse for the natives so that the community can never see the light of advancement. These had made the natives illiterate and they had failed to develop any habits which are benefitting for their health. The British never allowed them in their own constitution and considered them to be a part of their government. These had affected their self respect to a large extent for which they have never approached non natives people for the health concerns (Rix et al. 2015). Over the period of times, conflicts lead to severe conditions where more than half of the population perished and those who stayed back lacked proper method of effective livelihood. Education attainment is responsible for influencing health throughout lifespan. It is known that people who have higher levels of education are able to get bett er access to healthy as well as social environments, better job and income security. They also tend to have a greater sense of control over life circumstances. Moreover education also helps to make individuals associated with health awareness, health literacy and self care. All of these lead to improved care and well being. It has been seen that native people although attain secondary and post secondary education but their numbers are remarkably less than that compared to non native people. It has been found that 23.1% of individuals aged 15 and older could not attend high school graduation. It is also found that 43.7% of all the native people fail to attain education. Hence, they fail to develop proper healthy living strategies for themselves. Therefore, the person who is asking the question should first go over the historic events which show that the native people were not given the scope to extend their knowledge beyond their own portion of land (Carey et al., 2017). They were not given the scope of education which made them backward in the society and therefore they could not develop their intellectual skills. As a result they remained illiterate and they were also not given the chance to educate themselves about health and the beneficial effects of living healthy lifestyle (Hunt et al. 2015). Therefore one can ask the question back to the concerned person that whether they were given the chance to educate themselves and learn about proper habits of living? Withdrawals of Rights the Non Native People: Due to the lack of health literacy as well as the exploitation that occurred in their community, they had withdrawn themselves from any expectation from the government. The British had already caused a very poor condition of the community through their inhuman activities which made native people penniless and their financial power became low (Freeman et al. 2016). With uneducated backgrounds and poor financial condition, neither they could not maintain proper hygienic life nor could they get the scope of proper healthcare for the government (Hotz et al. 2014). Moreover, although the exploitation on the native people became less intensified in the later years but the outlook of the non native people remained the same. They still were stereotyped for their choice of food, culture and healthcare choices. From the question asked in the assignment, it clearly depicts a stereotypical outlook for the native people by non native people (Treloar et al. 2016). However, the main reason behind this, as found from the deconstruction of the entire background of the question, is poor access and fewer opportunities for the native people to get access to the healthcare services. The present government is exhibiting a sympathetic outlook towards them and is trying their best to make them educated form the very early age along with the establishment of community schools and higher education centers (Hunt et al. 2015). These are done with the vision that if they get educated well about their health and surrounding, they will be able to gather the knowledge and at the same time advice their older generation of good living habits. Many of the healthcare centers are also sending their staffs for treatment to such communities so that they can also educate such people about their healthcare and give them good advices (Carey et al., 2017). Native Australians do not have equal opportunities to be as healthy as the non native Australians. The relative socioeconomic disadvantage had been the main reason which had put them at a higher risk of exposure to different types of environmental as well as environmental health risk factors. A large number of native households also do not support good health. They do not have proper services like effective sewage systems, clean drinking water, rubbish collection services, healthy and hygienic housing and others. Although improvements on some of the measures for native peoples health status are made, but they have failed to match the rapid rate with which health gains are made in the general population of Australia. It is very important for the present day government to first conduct a social analysis about the main reason that results in poor health condition of the native people. It is very important to conduct data analysis about how each of the social determinants of health is affecting their livelihood. It is very important for the government to pay importance to their demands and wishes as acceptance of their demands will make them feel included within the government. However in the domains of health, it is extremely important for them to give the equal rights and opportunities to the natives as given to the non native people, so that they can also develop knowledge and learn to take care of themselves in the correct and scientific manner. Excessive exploitation and stealing of lands in the past, lack of proper education and also lack of proper housing with proper services, lack of access to health care have been the main reasons for their poor health. These should be paid importance by th e present government to make their condition better and give them a bright future. References: Carey, T.A., Dudgeon, P., Hammond, S.W., Hirvonen, T., Kyrios, M., Roufeil, L. and Smith, P., 2017. The Australian Psychological Society's Apology to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.Australian Psychologist,52(4), pp.261-267. Durey, A., McEvoy, S., Swift-Otero, V., Taylor, K., Katzenellenbogen, J. and Bessarab, D., 2016. Improving healthcare for Aboriginal Australians through effective engagement between community and health services.BMC health services research,16(1), p.224. Freeman, T., Baum, F.E., Jolley, G.M., Lawless, A., Edwards, T., Javanparast, S. and Ziersch, A., 2016. Service providers' views of community participation at six Australian primary healthcare services: scope for empowerment and challenges to implementation.The International journal of health planning and management,31(1). Hotez, P.J., 2014. Aboriginal populations and their neglected tropical diseases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases,8(1), p.e2286. Hunt, L., Ramjan, L., McDonald, G., Koch, J., Baird, D. and Salamonson, Y., 2015. Nursing students' perspectives of the health and healthcare issues of Australian Indigenous people.Nurse education today,35(3), pp.461-467. Kelaher, M., Sabanovic, H., La Brooy, C., Lock, M., Lusher, D. and Brown, L., 2014. Does more equitable governance lead to more equitable health care? A case study based on the implementation of health reform in Aboriginal health Australia.Social Science Medicine,123, pp.278-286. Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Sullivan, M., Parsons, L. and McNeil, J., 2014. Inequalities in the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: a cross-sectional population-based study in the Australian state of Victoria.International journal for equity in health,13(1), p.91. Reed, R.L., McIntyre, E., Jackson-Bowers, E. and Kalucy, L., 2017. Pathways to research impact in primary healthcare: What do Australian primary healthcare researchers believe works best to facilitate the use of their research findings?.Health research policy and systems,15(1), p.17. Rix, E.F., Barclay, L., Stirling, J., Tong, A. and Wilson, S., 2015. The perspectives of Aboriginal patients and their health care providers on improving the quality of hemodialysis services: a qualitative study.Hemodialysis International,19(1), pp.80-89. Treloar, C., Jackson, L.C., Gray, R., Newland, J., Wilson, H., Saunders, V., Johnson, P. and Brener, L., 2016. Multiple stigmas, shame and historical trauma compound the experience of Aboriginal Australians living with hepatitis C.Health Sociology Review,25(1), pp.18-32.

The Great Depression( Canada) free essay sample

Most people had little to nothing. Single men where forced to live on the streets and sleep in jails or go to a relief camp, the average middle class citizen lost all savings and many had possessions repossessed, as the following quote illustrates, One man, now trying to support a wife and three kids on wages that in august average $15. 00 to 18. 00 for 52 hours had lost his house, a building lot which he had invested, a 15 year endowment policy and about $800 of savings. Middle class and poor people during the great depression where so poor that they had to barter their children for food, . However, for a person with money, the great depression was the best time to be alive, everything was dirt cheap because of the oversupply and under demanded. But, however great there difference in capitals where, middle and upper class citizens still had a yearning, to an extent, for the governmental administration to some how end the depression which the masses where suffering through. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Depression( Canada) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The relief camps which where run by the Canadian federal government during the sasss in no way served to better the fallen economical state so much as it served to further depresses the human sprit. They where treated as cheap labor instead of citizens who where willing to work and had farming skills. We where sit. Dirt. Slaves.. . What else would you call a man who is given ;.NET cents a day and expected to believe there bullwhip that where an important part of the country. The relief camps offered almost identical if not worse conditions as living on the streets those failing as relief from the conditions to which these people came from and acted more as a jail. 4 It was jail -you know. What else would you call it? All the fresh air and sunshine o could stand [but minimal entertainment] As can be seen by the above statements, relief camps served more as prisons for men committing no crime more then acting as relief. Relief payments act as another great example of inadequate response by the Canadian government to end the depression.Where usually given as vouchers which banks would not accept making them worth nothing and providing no relief. In all Ontario cities for which relief has been issued in kind or in orders rather than in cash Rules that had to be followed to get relief payments acted as more of a deterrent for prouder peoples instead of just outlining things that had to be done to get these payments. 1. Prove that you are not able to support yourself and that no relative can help 9. Allow relief office investigators to come to your home to check on these rules. Payments varied in quantity from province to province as they did sometimes region to region. Show signs of a bad administration because cost of living did not coincide with the increases and decreases from one region to the next. The value of food orders for a family of five varied from $3. 50 to $8. 50 weekly in eleven cities. In short, relief payments, though a program tit good intentions, still failed to both give the Canadian economy the kick- start it needed as well as give accurate finical aid to needy Canadians. Protective tariffs proved to be yet another inadequate government response to the falling economy. R. B Bennett hoped to make other countries lower or abolish their high import taxes however, other countries kept their tariff walls and Canada lost more money because lost their edge on the world market. Even without as many foreign imported goods, Canadians still did not buy enough goods to stop the further down fall of Canadian industry . Unfortunately, [tariff walls] failed and Canadian industry continued its tailspin. Also, the newly imposed tariffs made Canada less competitive in the world market , which made Canada loss even more money. As one can conclude, putting tariffs in actually had the reverse affect and made Canada loss money from the decrease in foreign trade. However, one can argue with a degree of confidence that workmens rights might not be in place today if not for the great depression. Franklin Roosevelt probably wouldnt have thought up his new deal which is the basis for workmens rights today and he origin of R.B. Bonnets New deal if the great depression never occurred. The following where the points outlined in this deal an eight hour work day, minimum wage, and unemployment insurance plan, elimination of child labor, control of prices. Employers, without the great depression, would most likely not accept these concepts. Without an example of what happens without these safety nets, employees might not have seen the need for a plan such as this and therefore no one would have looked at this idea until after a depression. Although little support is given as to why the above is true, one an speculate that it is merely human In closing, inadequate attempts made by the Canadian government during the great depression such as relief payments, relief camps and tariff walls where all means of achieving very little if any results at the ultimate goal of ending the great depression for Canadians. However, one can ask, if the great depression wouldnt have occurred during this time, when would a depression Of its magnitude occur next and, without the lessons learnt from the great depression, would the world economical stats ultimately stay depressed?

A two page double-spaced research report on Agility Logistics Research Paper

A two page double-spaced research report on Agility Logistics Research Paper A two page double AGILITY LOGISTICS 19 March AGILITY LOGISTICS Agility logistic group is one of the ‘well-established’ freight forwarders in the logistics industry. The company has been a significant competitor and contributor in the market. Its services have for instance been recognized as â€Å"efficiency, unmatched personalized services and integrated logistics† within its geographical scope of operation (Agilitylogistics, p. 1). Its competitiveness has been a result of the company’s outstanding services to its customers. As a result, it has managed a competitive advantage over its rivals to be recognized in the market, its logistics efficiency award in Brazil is an example. The company has also established itself as a reliable provider of logistics services. This has been achieved by ensuring timely delivery of commodities to customers as well as ensuring safety of the customers’ commodities. This also implies that the company has sufficient personnel to ensure un disrupted transportation and storage of commodities as well as strong management and security teams. Efficiency has also been an integral characteristic of the company to ensure quality services to its customers (Agilitylogistics, p. 1).Another feature of Agility logistics group is price competitiveness that still allows it a competitive advantage. Though this may have been aimed at countering competition, price competitiveness is advantageous to the industry’s consumers by ensuring affordable and cost effective services. The company therefore plays a significant role in ensuring that the industry’s consumers are not overcharged for service delivery. This is because the company drives other service providers to consider competitiveness of their prices due to competition (Agilitylogistics, p. 1). The company also offers services in different modes of transport that provides a wider range of service delivery that considers urgency of the commodities to be transported, vo lume of the goods, and even value. Availability of a variety of modes of transport also gives consumers the freedom to choose the mode that best fits their needs. The company’s strong management base and human resource also provides ground for its effective contribution to the industry through offering effective and efficient services (Agilitylogistics, p. 1). Agility company has also over the past period, developed a strong global network that facilitates its services. Its move to deliver personalized services to consumer at competitive prices has for example identified agility logistics as an outstanding service provider. It has with this respect ensured cost effectiveness and time efficiency to its customers who are saved the trouble of making ‘follow-ups’ over their products for delivery. The company has also portrayed itself as dynamic member of the industry that currently requires a transport system that meets customers’ needs at competitive prices ( Agilitylogistics, p. 1).Branch argues that an effective global supply chain must exhibit a number of principles. Cost effectiveness in â€Å"outsourcing, warehousing, and transportation† as well as efficiency with respect to time taken to deliver goods and â€Å"delivery cycles† are examples (Branch, p. 93). These together with other features such as corporation with other stakeholders define an effective and efficient freight forward in a supply chain (Branch, p. 93).Agility logistics offers a variety of services at cost effective prices. This makes the industry more competitive in services and prices. The company is therefore adding value to the industry and facilitating cost effectiveness in global supply chain.Works citedAgilitylogistics. ‘Brazilian Airport Authority recognizes Agility with â€Å"logistics efficiency award†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Agility. (2011). agilitylogistics.com/PressReleases/Pages/BrazilianAirportAuthorityRecognizesAgilitywith%E2%80%9CLogistic sEfficiencyAward%E2%80%9D.aspx. [Accessed on 19 March 2012] Branch, Alan. Global Supply Chain Management and International Logistics. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis, 2008. Print

Scoliosis Prevention essays

Scoliosis Prevention essays Why in the world do the people of today suffer from medical conditions that are completely preventable? Why are we not getting up and taking the time to make sure that our bodies are healthy and growing properly? It is ridiculous that society sits around and does not take care of them selves, and then wonders where all these health problems come from. Year after year schools offer to their students the wonderful opportunity of medical examinations. These physicals check for dozens of different medical conditions that could affect the student currently, or even somewhere in their future. Unfortunately, many of the students who go through these exams are obligated to do so because they are required to in order to try out for a certain sports team. Athletes should not be the only kids who get the advantage of these incredibly important exams. The reason why I stress this so much is that it is so important for young adults because of the fact that their bodies are still in a growing stage and it is crucial at this time in their lives to make sure that everything is developing properly. One medical condition that hits a great majority of our population is called scoliosis, and this condition goes unknown because of the fact that we do not have enough examinations, and therefore we cannot give students enough opportunities to have their spinal development inspected. Scoliosis is a horrible medical condition, and if we had more teens getting physical exams, this would prevent many unnecessary surgeries and pain in the future. Scoliosis is a medical term taken from a Greek word meaning curvature. This disease is known to develop in young adults between the ages of 15-18 causing the spine to curve laterally (to the side) to the left or right. (Dawson) Scoliosis is diagnosed once a persons spine has a curvature of at least 10 degrees. The progression of the curve usually starts anywhere in a persons ch...

Leadership effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Leadership effectiveness - Essay Example Effective leaders are born as well as made. A leader may possess natural traits of leadership. Nevertheless, he has to go through the grind to master the skills of leadership. In this process, he is being made a leader (Effective Leadership Skills, 1996-2009). This process may consist of training that includes educational qualifications and on-the-field training. Intrinsically, everyone is a leader in his own right because people depend on him in certain respects (What is Effective Leadership 2010). But there are certain people who are spotted as first among equals and they make their grade over a period of time experiencing highs and lows on the way. And they continue to be recognized as leaders all their lives! I engaged Thomas Varghese on an interview. Thomas is the plant manager in a large electrical corporation employing over 5000 people. The interview lasted about an hour when I questioned him on the principles that made effective leaders. Mr. Varghese does not waste time and answered off the cuff. His mannerisms made it clear that leaders are self-conscious of what they do and say. Leaders are human beings, but they are cast in a different mold. There are traces of super human in them (Killian, Shaun; 2005-2007). They appear to be infallible and it takes an effort, sometimes minimum and some times maximum, to keep them aware that they are simple human beings (Rose, Ed; 1998). The reason that leaders appear super human is that they represent strong and noble traits. Without these traits, they may not be able to survive as leaders. But they have these qualities in some measure or more measure. But they need these qualities without which their days as leaders could be numbered. Abraham Lincoln had these qualities, Mahatma Gandhi had these qualities, and in the eyes of the Germans, even Adolf Hitler had these qualities. But the qualities that Hitler displayed were misrepresentative of the truth and they stood exposed. In the interview with Mr. Varghese, three basic principles emerged that a leader required so that he could be effective. One, the leader had to be alert. The leader was a man with a mission. He had to be above situations and circumstances. Two, the leader had to be goal-oriented. And finally, the leader had to have strong personal traits and an eye for failure. Two solid theories of leadership Trait Theory The leadership provided by Mr. Thomas Varghese is described as trait theory because it draws upon good traits especially those that are relevant to the progress of the department. The staff members at the plant are desirable of using their creativity and are resourceful to pool in their talents to achieve excellence. The culture of progress in the plant is such that the outcome of any work can be only excellent or very excellent (Bolden, R et al, 2003, p6). Contingency Theory Leadership in the plant is so nurtured and encouraged that one can feel the aura of excellence. The